INTRODUCTION:

The goal of each drug delivery system (DDS) is to supply the correct site in the body with a therapeutic quantity of medication in order to achieve the desired drug concentration on time and then retain it (Alfonso RG et al., 1985 and Chein YW, 1981). A valuable brunt on the clinical effect of a medication is the path of administration (Robinson RJ et al. 1987). Some of these DDS are made of polymer which is which.

Topical Drug Delivery:

Topical drug delivery systems allow targeted administration of active molecules/therapeutic agents via skin, vaginal, ophthalmic and rectal routes anywhere in the body (Walters KA, 2002). Topical formulations include a wide range of formulations designed to suit both cosmetic or dermatological applications and diseased skin. Those formulations are physicochemical in nature. These formulations range from solid to semisolid to liquid in physicochemical nature (Prajapati MK et al., 2013).

Skin: the target organ:

Skin is an important barrier to topical drug trafficking and its critical purpose is to prevent harmful/inactive compounds through it. Thus, skin plays a key role in protecting the body from a number of biological and chemical environmental affronts (Bucks Daniel et al., 2002). As seen in Figure 1, the furthest epidermis, which is avascular and vascular dermis, is formed in the skin. Dermis also contains the free nerve endings which are responsible for sensation of pain.

Fig.1: Diagram showing various layers of skin

Emulgels:

If a mixture of gel and emulsion is used, the drug type is referred to as emulgel. Gels are currently gaining consideration for the topical use of drugs, particularly hydrogel formulations, while they have a beautiful look and expand nice cool sensation. Gel formulations' pharmacological activity cannot change as easily as the solution process (Jain A et al., 2010 and Yassin Gc, 2014); Emulgels are developed and used to overcome this constraint, so that even a hydrophobic therapeutic moiety can have the special properties of gels (Patel J et al., 2014).

Eumlgels is the mixture of emulsion and gel that are hydrogels containing randomly distributed microdroplets of oil [Fig. 3] (A et al. Jain, 2010). They are also emulsions of the form o/w or w/o, gelled by mixing with gelling agent. They have recently been used as vehicles for transporting various drugs into the skin (Singla Vet al., 2012) and the vagina (Nair R et al., 2010).

Fig. 2: General structure of Emulgel system

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

The supplier used the following products, which were either AR/LR grade or the best available pharma grade, as supplied. The list of materials used in the current studies along with the manufacturers was provided in Table 1.

Table 1: Materials and Their Suppliers

S. No	Name of material	Brand Name
1.	Piperine	Lab extract
2.	Capsaicin	Lab extract
3.	Carbopol 940	S.D. Fine Chemicals
4.	Tween 20	S.D. Fine Chemicals
5.	Span 20	S.D. Fine Chemicals
6.	Light liquid paraffin	S.D. Fine Chemicals
7.	Sodium hydro oxide	Qualigenic fine chemical
8.	Purified water	Inhouse
9.	Propylene glycol	Qualigenic fine chemical
14.	Etodolac	IPCA Laboratories
15.	Triethanolamine	Qualigenic fine chemical
16.	Methyl cellulose	Qualigenic fine chemicals
18.	Methyl Paraben	S.D. Fine Chemicals
19.	Parabens	Cyper pharma

METHODOLOGY:

Preformulation studies:

Studies of preformulation apply to exploratory practices starting in the initial stages of production of the formulation. Studies on preformulation are designed to classify the bulk material, assess the compatibility of initial excipients with the active ingredient, and improve analytical methods to be used during the production of formulations.

Therefore the program 's goals are (Gopinath et al. 2011; Tushar et al. 2012):

· To determine the physicochemical parameters required for a new drug substance.

· Determining the profile of its kinetic volume.

· Determining its physical properties.

· To establish its compatibility with excipients.

Preformulation experiments on the drug sample collected therefore include color, measurements, analyzes of the solubility, assessment of the melting point and experiments of compatibility.

Solubility:

The drug's solubility was calculated by taking some quantity of drug (about 1-2mg) separately in the test tube and adding 5ml of solvent (water, ethanol, methanol, 0.1N HCl, 0.1N NaOH, chloroform, and 7.4 pH buffer) Shake vigorously and held for some time. Notice the solubility of the product (at room temperature) in different solvents.

Melting point determination:

Melting point was recorded on digital capillary melting point apparatus.

Partition coefficient:

This is a calculation of the lipophilicity of a product and an example of its capacity to move cell membrane along with octanol/water and chloroform/water, is the oil/ water partition coefficient in method. The partition coefficient is defined as the ratio of unionized drug disbursed in equilibrium between the organic and aqueous phases. It provides a way of characterizing the drug's lipophilic/hydrophilic nature.

Procedure:

Taken properly wiped separating funnel clean and dry, then transferred the octanol/water method (50:50 20ml) as sufficient quantity in separating funnel and added the 10mg drug into it. Funnel was constantly shook until the medication was dispensed equally in both processes. Then it is put on stand for each of the phases to be settled. UV spectroscopy (IP, 2010 and SB Shirsand et al., 2012) is calculated after that both phases were separated in beaker and the amount of drug in each process.

Drug excipients compatibility studies:

Application of (ETO) powder mixed with potassium bromide and pressed in the shape of a disc and combination of the drug with excipients/polymer was performed to examine any changes in the drug's chemical composition after it was combined with the excipients/polymers. Shimadzu FTIR spectroscopy (4000-400) cm-1 analyzed the disk.

Standard calibration curve for etodolac:

100mg of ETO was correctly measured and dissolved in a small volume of methanol, and made up of methanol up to 100ml. 10ml was pipetted out of this primary solution and brought up to 100ml with a saline pH 7.4 buffered with phosphate. Aliquots were taken from this secondary solution to obtain concentration of 2-10μg/ ml. In the UV- Visible Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu) the absorbance of the resulting solution was calculated at 274nm using phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 with little methanol as blank. The standard curve was plotted for X- axis concentration and Y- axis absorption (SB Shirsand et al., 2012, Carstensen, 1996; Wadke et al. 1980).

Formulation:

Extraction of piperine:

Take 150ml of 95% ethanol in round bottom flask, and add 5-10 boiling chips. In the soxhlet apparatus take 15 gm of black pepper powder and heat the reflux for 2-2,5 hours. Subsequently the collected round bottom flask mixture was filtered using suction pump. So by simply distilling concentrate the filtered solution to a volume of 15-20ml. Took the concentrated pepper extract in Erlenmayer flask 125ml and apply 10ml of 10 percent KOH and heated solution. The refluxing mixture was diluted by adding water before the production of precipitation was halted. It was formed by a brownish yellow precipitate. It's required the precipitate mixture to stand overnight. The extracts resulting were obtained by suction pump filtering the precipitate and then re-cristallized by 10-20ml of acetone. We obtained a yellowish white piperine crystal (V. K. Singh et al., 2014).

Extraction of capsaicin:

Take 250ml of 95% ethanol in round bottom flask, and add 5-10 boiling balls. Take 20gm of chilli powder and heat the reflux for 2-2.5 hours in soxhlet apparatuses. Subsequently the collected round bottom flask mixture was filtered using suction pump. Then, the filtered solution was condensed by simple distillation to a volume of 15-20ml. Taking the concentrated extract of chili(capsaicin) dissolve in alcohol solution, heating and stirring uniformly, adding a mixed enzyme of lipase and cellulase to the capsacin alcohol solution and performing heat-preservation stringing, adding a ferric chloride solution to a mixed solution heating uniformly stirring and separating a light step, concentrating and drying the distilled capsa.

Preparation of emulsion phases:

The oily phase of emulsion was prepared by dissolving span-20 with the necessary quantity of Etodolac in ethanol in light liquid Paraffin. It was combined with piperine and capsaicin as a permeation enhancer. Dissolving tween-20 into distilled water prepared an aqueous process. Methyl paraben was combined with aqueous phase and dissolved in propylene glycol.

Preparation of gel:

Precisely weighed quantity of carbopol-940 was taken in a previously dried beaker, adding 10ml of distilled water. It was well combined with regular stirring, using mechanical shaker. Added more distilled water to keep the gel consistent. The pH of the formulation with triethanolamine was changed to 6.0 to 7.0.

Formulation of Emulgel:

The oily and aqueous phases were heated to 700ºC to 800ºC separately, then combined with the continuous stirring and allowed to cool to room temperature. The emulsion obtained was combined with the gelling agent carbopol 940 (or HPMC) in a ratio of 1:1 with a gentle stirring to obtain the formulation of the Fluticasone propionate emulgel and separate formulation prepared as given in Table 8 (M. I. Mohamed et al., 2004 and Rajesh Asija et al., 2015).

Evaluation of Emulgel:

Physical characteristic:

The formulated emulgel formulations were visually examined for their pH, colour, homogeneity, purity, grittiness, stiffness and distinction of phases.

Determination of pH:

The pH of the emulgel formulas had been measured by electronic pH meters. One gram of gel was dissolved in 25ml of purified water, during which the electrode was immersed in gel formulation for 30 minutes until continuous reading was obtained and steady reading was observed. The pH of each formulation was determined in triplicate and the average values were estimated (Jain A et al., 2010).

Washability:

Formulations were added to the skin and then manually tested for ease and duration of washing with water.

Extrudability study:

The formulations of the emulgel is lined in collapsible metal tubes or collapsible tubes of aluminium. The tubes were pressed to extrude the material, and the formulation extrudability was tested (Gupta GD et al., 1999).

Spreadability:

Two standard slides (62) of dimensional glass were picked. The composition of the emulgel which had to be measured for spreadability was put on one of the diapers. The second slide was put over the slide in such a way as to sandwich between them for a length of 6cms the formulation along the slide. The upper slide was coated with 100grams of weight, so that the emulgel formulation was distributed uniformly between the two slides to create a thin layer. The weight was removed, and the emulgel's residual substance adhering to the slides was scraped free. The lower slide was mounted on the equipment plate, and one end of the upper slide was attached to a string on which a basic pulley could be used to apply 20grams of load. The time taken to push 6 cms distance and remove the upper slide was noted Under weight path h from the lower slip. The experiment was repeated, and an average of 6 such determinations were calculated for each emulgel formulation (Sanjay et al., 2007 and Gupta GD et al., 2005).

m.l

Spreadability = ----------

Where, S = Spreadability (gcm/sec)

m = Weight fastened to the top slide (20grams)

l = Glass Slip Size (6cms).

t = Time consumed is seconds.

In-vitro Drug release study:

The experiments on in vitro drug release of the emulgel were conducted on Diffusion cell with egg membrane. It was densely clamped on to one end of the hollow glass tube of the dialysis cell. Emulgel (1gm) was applied to egg membrane surface dialysis. A solution of freshly prepared PBS (pH 7.4) was filled in to the receptor chamber to solubilize the drug. The receiver chamber was filled with magnetic stirrer. The samples (1ml aliquots) were obtained by UV visible spectrophotometer at 274nm for product content at the appropriate time interval test, after adequate dilutions. Total corrections for having the cumulative sum of opioid release were made at each time span. The cumulative amount of drug release over the egg membrane is determined as a function of time. The combined net release of drugs using the standard calibration curve was calculated (V Singla et al., 2012; Snehal P et al., 2013).

Details of dissolution testing:

Medium of dissolution: Saline phosphate buffer pH 7.4

Speed: 50rpm

Aliquots taken at every time: 1ml

Temperature: 37±20C

Wavelength: 274nm

Stability studies:

The engineered emulgel formulations were prepared; packaged in aluminum collapsible tubes and subjected to 400C/75 percent RH stability studies for a duration of three months as per ICH guidelines. Samples were taken at 1 month intervals and tested for physical appearance, pH, rheological properties, product quality and release of drugs (ICH Guidelines, 2003).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Pre-formulation studies:

Solubility (at room temperature)

The solubility of the drug was determined in different solvent was given in Table 2.

Table.2: Solubility studies of Etodolac in different solvent

S. No.	Solvent Used	Etodolac
1.	Distilled Water	Insoluble
2.	0.1 N HCl	Slightly Soluble
3.	Ethanol	Soluble
4.	Methanol	Soluble
5.	Chloroform	Slightly soluble
6.	0.1 N NaOH	Soluble
7.	Phosphate Buffer pH 7.4	Soluble

It was found that Etodolac was practically insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol and methanol, 0.1 N NaOH and phosphate buffer pH 7.4.

Drug excipients compatibility studies:

The possibilities of drug-excipient interactions were investigated by recording the FT- IR spectrum. The FT- IR spectra of the drug and the formulations are shown in figures 4 and 5.

Fig. 3: FTIR spectra of Etodolac

Fig.4: FTIR Spectra of Formulation

It is confirmed that there is no major shifting as well as loss of functional peaks between the spectra of drug and drug loaded Emulgel.

Standard calibration curve for Etodolac:

The UV Spectrophotometric method was used to analyze Etodolac. The absorbance of the drug in phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 with small amount of methanol was measured at a wavelength of 274nm. The results are given in Table 3 and Figure 5.

Table.3: Data for calibration curve of Etodolac

S. No.	Concentration (µg/ ml)	*Absorbance at 277 nm**
1	2	0.083± 0.0180
2	4	0.200± 0.0314
3	6	0.303± 0.035
4	8	0.409± 0.0396
5	10	0.506± 0.0467

*Mean± SD (n=3)

Figure 5: Standard curve of Etodolac in PBS pH 7.4

The standard curve of Etodolac in PBS pH 7.4 was linear in 2 to 10µg/ml concentrations, starting from origin. The curve obeys Beer Lambert’s law.

Evaluation of Emulgel:

Physical Appearance:

The formulations of Emulgel is white viscous creamy preparation with a smooth homogeneous texture and a shiny feel. Data dealt with in Table 4.

Determination of pH:

The pH of the Emulgel formulations was 6.8±0.1 to 6.0 ±0.4, which is below the normal pH range of the skin and does not cause skin discomfort. There has been no substantial improvement in pH values as a function of time for all the formulations. Table 5 below displays the info.

Table.6: In Vitro Cumulative %Drug Release Formulation F1-F9

Time in (Hrs)	Cumulative % Drug Release (% w/w)
Time in (Hrs)	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6	F7	F8	F9
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	8.43±0.14	10.71±0.10	13.21±0.03	4.15±0.01	4.92±0.09	7.36±0.12	3.67±0.05	9.93±0.07	6.23±0.11
2	16.09±0.27	21.66±0.52	29.43±0.08	25.35±0.36	14.75±2.63	14.07±0.08	13.24±0.45	21.46±0.11	14.46±0.09
3	25.38±1.04	26.47±0.34	36.12±0.23	31.91±0.47	23.37±0.33	22.87±1.23	16.34±0.13	26.12±1.34	20.02±0.01
4	31.53±0.45	33.07±1.23	42.27±0.12	38.30±0.89	29.5±1.96	29.45±0.24	21.49±0.26	33.08±1.23	27.56±0.23
5	38.59±0.17	41.75±1.34	51.19±0.24	44.73±0.11	34.37±0.25	33.63±0.17	27.37±0.23	38.98±0.43	32.22±0.52
6	43.52±0.31	47.97±0.19	56.64±0.23	52.62±0.11	40.56±0.28	38.64±2.10	34.93±0.23	43.16±0.31	38.85±0.14
7	47.94±0.34	54.79±0.26	60.32±0.23	54.48±0.69	47.37±1.50	46.32±0.13	41.29±0.32	47.59±0.23	45.19±1.31
8	65.38±0.23	70.11±1.29	62.78±2.28	73.79±0.98	68.90±1.23	59.97±2.15	52.67±0.14	56.12±0.27	49.08±0.42

Fig.6: In Vitro Cumulative % Drug Release Different Formulation F1-F9

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

In summary, the results of this research establish a new and useful approach in the design of a formulation 's oil phase where the active ingredient needs to be dissolved in the oil phase and Emulgel system developed. In addition, the use of Emulgels for topical delivery of hydrophobic drugs has been found to be better at achieving a higher concentration of drugs across the skin barrier over a longer period of time compared with gels.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I am thankful to the management of Sambhunath Institute of Pharmacy, Praygraj for providing best lab facilities necessary for completion of my research

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors declared no conflict of interest.

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Received on 25.08.2020 Modified on 27.09.2020

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2021; 14(9):4868-4874.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00846

Formulation	Colour	Homogeneity	Consistency	Phase separation
F1	White	Excellent	Excellent	None
F2	White	Excellent	Excellent	None
F3	White	Excellent	Excellent	None
F4	White	Excellent	Excellent	None
F5	White	Excellent	Excellent	None
F6	White	Excellent	Excellent	None
F7	White	Excellent	Excellent	None
F8	White	Excellent	Excellent	None
F9	White	Excellent	Excellent	None

Formulation	pH	Viscosity (cps)	Spreadability (gcm/sec)	Extrudability	Washability	Drug Content (% W/W)
F1	6.80± 0.1	4450	14.56±0.21	++	+++	97.727±0.15
F2	6.72± 0.3	4565	13.25±0.36	+	+++	99.12±0.3
F3	6.22± 0.2	4632	16.65±0.56	+++	+++	99.70±0.26
F4	6.65± 0.3	4755	15.45±0.45	+++	+++	99.62±0.36
F5	6.87± 0.5	4898	15.65±0.58	++	++	98.76±0.4
F6	6.45± 0.4	4950	16.45±0.32	++	++	98.45±0.35
F7	6.31± 0.6	4990	14.45±0.12	++	++	99.43±0.5
F8	6.65± 0.6	4865	10.25±0.32	++	++	98.78±0.20
F9	6.02± 0.4	4850	14.45±0.12	+++	+++	99.54±0.47

Skin: the target organ:

Fig.1: Diagram showing various layers of skin

Emulgels:

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

The supplier used the following products, which were either AR/LR grade or the best available pharma grade, as supplied. The list of materials used in the current studies along with the manufacturers was provided in Table 1.

Table 1: Materials and Their Suppliers

Preformulation studies:

Solubility:

Melting point determination:

Procedure:

Drug excipients compatibility studies:

Standard calibration curve for etodolac:

Extraction of piperine:

Extraction of capsaicin:

Preparation of emulsion phases:

Preparation of gel:

Formulation of Emulgel:

Washability:

Extrudability study:

The formulations of the emulgel is lined in collapsible metal tubes or collapsible tubes of aluminium. The tubes were pressed to extrude the material, and the formulation extrudability was tested (Gupta GD et al., 1999).

Spreadability:

In-vitro Drug release study:

Stability studies:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Pre-formulation studies:

Table.2: Solubility studies of Etodolac in different solvent

Drug excipients compatibility studies:

Fig. 3: FTIR spectra of Etodolac

Standard calibration curve for Etodolac:

Table.3: Data for calibration curve of Etodolac

Figure 5: Standard curve of Etodolac in PBS pH 7.4

The standard curve of Etodolac in PBS pH 7.4 was linear in 2 to 10µg/ml concentrations, starting from origin. The curve obeys Beer Lambert’s law.

Evaluation of Emulgel:

Physical Appearance:

Determination of pH:

Table.4: Physical parameter of formulation batches

Table.5: Evaluation data of Different Formulations F1-F9 (Mean±S.D.)

Rheological study:

Spreadability:

Extrudability:

Drug content:

In- vitro release study:

Table.6: In Vitro Cumulative %Drug Release Formulation F1-F9